Kidney Stones 101: Causes, Symptoms, and Treatment Options
What are Kidney Stones?
Kidney stones are hard crystal “rocks” that form when your urine becomes so concentrated that certain dissolved substances start sticking together and crystallizing.
Normally, urine carries minerals and waste (like calcium, oxalate, uric acid, and cystine) in a dissolved form. But when there’s:
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not enough fluid in your urine (dehydration), or
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too much of a stone-forming substance, or
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not enough of the natural chemicals that prevent crystals from clumping
…the tiny crystals can grow, layer by layer, into a stone.
Most stones start in the kidney, but the problem usually begins when a stone moves into the ureter (the narrow tube that drains urine from the kidney to the bladder). If a stone scratches the lining or partially blocks urine flow, you can get bleeding, spasms, and severe pain—plus symptoms like nausea, urinary urgency, or burning.
If you think you may have a kidney stone, don’t guess—get evaluated. The right treatment depends on the stone’s size, location, and whether there’s blockage or infection. Granville Health System offers diagnosis and kidney stone care across North Carolina and South Virginia.
What does Kidney Stone Pain Feel Like?
Kidney stone pain is often described as sudden, severe, and cramping—and it typically comes in waves. Pain commonly starts in the back or side, then can move toward the lower abdomen or groin as the stone travels.
Not everyone has textbook symptoms. Some people have mild discomfort, urinary symptoms, or blood in the urine without severe pain.
Typical Symptoms
- Severe back, side or groin pain
- Blood in urine
- Cloudy or foul-smelling urine
- Fever & chills
- Nausea & vomiting
- Burning or difficulty urinating
Types of Kidney Stones
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Calcium-Oxalate
The most common type. Forms when there’s too much calcium or oxalate in urine—often linked to diet or absorption issues. Found in spinach, almonds, beets & chocolate.
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Uric Acid
Occurs when urine is overly acidic. Linked to high-protein diets, chronic diarrhea, diabetes or gout.
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Struvite
Forms after certain UTIs. Can grow rapidly into large “staghorn” stones requiring surgery.
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Cystine
A rare, genetic condition (cystinuria) causes excess cystine to crystallize.
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Pediatric Stones
Increasing in kids—likely linked to processed diets. Kids can form any of the adult stone types.
Treatment Options
Small stones often pass with hydration and pain management. Larger stones may require:
- Shock Wave Lithotripsy: Non-surgical, breaks stones with shock waves.
- Ureteroscopy: Scope into bladder/ureter to remove or laser-break stones.
- PCNL: Minimally invasive kidney entry for large/complex stones.
- Surgery: Laparoscopic or open surgery for very large stones.
Frequently Asked Questions
Are kidney stones painful?
Yes. Kidney stone pain can be intense, starting in your side or back and moving lower as the stone travels. Some describe it as the worst pain of their life. Seek medical help for severe pain.
When should I see a doctor for kidney stones?
Go to a doctor if you have severe pain, fever, chills, difficulty urinating, or blood in your urine. These may be signs of a blockage or infection.
How can I prevent kidney stones?
Drink at least 8 cups of water daily. Reduce salt, limit animal protein, and avoid high-oxalate foods like spinach, nuts, and chocolate if advised. Talk to your doctor about your risk factors.
Can I pass a kidney stone at home?
Small stones can pass naturally with fluids and pain relief. Larger stones may need medical procedures. See a doctor if symptoms worsen.
What should I drink if I’m prone to stones?
Water is best. Lemon water helps prevent certain stones. Avoid excessive sodas and sugary drinks. Ask your doctor what’s best for your stone type.
Can kidney stones cause permanent damage?
Usually, stones don’t cause lasting harm if treated quickly. Frequent stones can damage your kidneys over time. Work with your doctor to prevent future stones.
Need Care?
If you’re in North Carolina or South Virginia and experiencing symptoms, contact Granville Urology Associates—Dr. Joseph Zola & team are here to help.
