What is Sinusitis? An MD’s Explanation

March 13, 2024

What is Sinusitis?

Sinusitis, often called a sinus infection, is a condition that many people encounter. It affects nearly 29 million adults in the United States each year. Sinusitis occurs when the tissues lining your sinuses—those air-filled spaces in the bones around your nose—become inflamed and swollen. This inflammation can cause a buildup of mucus, leading to the familiar pressure and discomfort associated with sinus infections. While many cases can be managed with over-the-counter remedies, there are times when a sinus infection requires medical attention to ensure proper treatment and relief.

What are the Symptoms of Sinusitis?

Sinusitis can manifest through a variety of symptoms, some of which may overlap with other conditions like the common cold or allergies. Recognizing the signs early is key to getting the right treatment. Common symptoms include:

• Facial Pain: Often centered around the eyes, cheeks, nose, or forehead, this pain can be dull, throbbing, or sharp.
• Headache: Sinus headaches are typically felt as pressure or pain in the forehead, temples, or around the eyes, often worsening when bending forward.
• Facial Pressure: A feeling of fullness or tightness in the face, particularly around the nasal area, which can intensify when leaning forward or lying down.
• Congestion: Persistent nasal congestion that makes breathing through the nose difficult, often accompanied by a reduced sense of smell and taste.

Other possible symptoms include postnasal drip, sore throat, bad breath, and fatigue, all of which can further affect your daily life.

When Should You Seek Help? If your symptoms persist for more than 10 days, or if they improve and then worsen, it’s time to consult a healthcare provider. Chronic or recurrent sinusitis may require more specialized care, so don’t hesitate to reach out to an ear, nose, and throat (ENT) specialist. Early diagnosis and treatment can prevent complications, provide relief, and improve your overall quality of life.

Pro Tip: Keeping track of your symptoms and noting when they worsen can help your healthcare provider make an accurate diagnosis. Apps and journals can be useful tools for this.

Types of Sinusitis

There are several types of sinusitis, including acute, chronic, and recurrent sinusitis. Each type has its own set of symptoms and treatment options. 

• Acute Sinusitis: Acute sinusitis is typically short-term, lasting anywhere from a few days to up to four weeks. It’s often caused by bacterial infections following a cold or other respiratory illness. Symptoms may include sudden congestion, facial pain, and pressure. While acute sinusitis can often be treated with over-the-counter medications, in some cases, antibiotics may be necessary.
• Recurrent Sinusitis: This form of sinusitis is characterized by multiple episodes of acute sinusitis within a year. These repeated bouts can be frustrating and disruptive, often requiring a more comprehensive treatment plan to address underlying causes, such as allergies or nasal polyps.
• Chronic Sinusitis: Chronic sinusitis is a long-lasting condition, persisting for 12 weeks or more, despite treatment efforts. It is frequently associated with underlying issues like allergies, asthma, or structural nasal problems. Those with chronic sinusitis often experience persistent symptoms, including nasal obstruction, mucus buildup, and reduced sense of smell, significantly impacting their quality of life. Treatment may involve a combination of medications, lifestyle adjustments, and in some cases, surgical intervention.

Each type of sinusitis presents its own challenges and requires a tailored approach to treatment. If you find yourself dealing with recurring or long-term sinus issues, it’s important to consult with an ear, nose, and throat (ENT) specialist who can provide a thorough diagnosis and develop a personalized treatment plan.

Did You Know? Chronic sinusitis affects about 12% of the global population and is one of the most common chronic illnesses in the U.S. Addressing it early can prevent complications and improve your overall quality of life.

“Sinusitis can significantly impact one’s quality of life, and millions are affected by its various forms annually. At Granville Health System’s ENT practice, we commonly encounter sinusitis cases and emphasize the importance of seeking care promptly. If you’re experiencing symptoms, remember that seeking medical attention can lead to effective treatment and improved well-being,” said Dr. Richard Alexander, MD, PhD, MBA – Granville Health System

Is Sinusitis Contagious?

No, sinusitis itself is not directly contagious, but the underlying causes can be. The bacteria and viruses responsible for sinusitis can spread from person to person, primarily through airborne droplets or physical contact.

• Viral Sinusitis: If a virus is the root cause of your sinusitis, such as the common cold or flu, it can be contagious. When you cough, sneeze, or even talk, viral particles can be released into the air, potentially infecting others. If someone catches the virus, they may develop a cold or upper respiratory infection that could eventually lead to sinusitis.
• Bacterial and Allergic Sinusitis: On the other hand, sinusitis caused by bacteria or allergens is not contagious. In these cases, the inflammation and symptoms are limited to the individual and cannot be passed on to others. Bacterial sinusitis often arises as a secondary infection following a viral illness, while allergic sinusitis is triggered by environmental factors like pollen, dust, or mold.

Important Reminder: Even though sinusitis itself may not be contagious, practicing good hygiene—such as washing your hands frequently and covering your mouth and nose when coughing or sneezing—can help prevent the spread of the viruses and bacteria that can lead to sinusitis. If you suspect your sinusitis is caused by a viral infection, taking precautions can protect those around you from getting sick.

Treatment for Sinusitis

Depending on the type and severity of your sinusitis, your ENT specialist may recommend different treatment options. These may include:

• Antibiotics: If your sinusitis is caused by a bacterial infection, your ENT specialist may prescribe antibiotics to clear the infection.
• Nasal corticosteroids: These medications can reduce inflammation in the sinuses, making it easier to breathe and reducing facial pressure.
• Decongestants: These medications can help reduce congestion and improve breathing.
• Saline nasal irrigation: This involves flushing out the sinuses with a saline solution, which can help reduce inflammation and remove excess mucus.
• Surgery: In some cases, surgery may be necessary to treat chronic or recurrent sinusitis. This may involve removing polyps or other blockages from the sinuses or repairing a deviated septum.

It is important to note that not all cases of sinusitis require medical treatment. In some cases, the condition may resolve on its own with rest, hydration, and over-the-counter medications. However, if your symptoms persist or worsen, it is important to seek medical attention.

How to Relieve Sinus Pressure at Home

Some effective ways to reduce sinus pressure include:

• Steam Inhalation: Breathing in steam can help moisten the sinuses and loosen mucus. You can take a hot shower or breathe in steam from a bowl of hot water, being careful to avoid burns.
• Warm Compresses: Applying a warm, damp towel to your face can alleviate pain and pressure.
• Hydration: Drinking plenty of fluids helps thin the mucus, promoting drainage from the sinuses.
• Elevate Your Head: Sleeping with your head elevated can assist in better sinus drainage and reduce congestion.

If your sinus pressure persists despite trying these methods, it is essential to consult with a healthcare professional, as you may require more specific treatments, such as prescription medications or other interventions.